E 71% pea o te mata o te Ao e kapi ana i te moana. Mai i te matapae ara mō ngā awhiowhio me te whakawhanaketanga o ngā pāmu moana ki te whakarite i te haumaru o te whakatere moana me te whakaiti i ngā āhuatanga kino o te moana—tae atu ki te rangahau huringa āhuarangi o te ao—tata ki ngā rangahau pūtaiao moana hou katoa e whakawhirinaki ana ki tētahi rauemi nui: ko ngā raraunga moana.

Mō te hunga e tīmata ana ki te ao moana, ko te wero tūturu ehara i te "kore raraunga," engari ko te "rahi rawa o ngā raraunga." Ko te mea pono, kāore ngā raraunga moana e noho motuhake ana; engari, kua whanake hei pūnaha rauropi whānui e kapi ana i te "mātakitaki—pūoko mamao—tauira—whakauru—tātari atamai."

He aha te take e nui haere ai te whakawhirinaki o te pūtaiao moana ki ngā raraunga?

I ngā wā o mua, i whakawhirinaki te tangata ki ngā waka rangahau,ngā teihana pōito, me ngā tirotiro ā-ringa hei mārama ki te moana. Ahakoa he tino tika te huarahi nei, he iti noa te kapinga ā-wāhi me te roa o ngā huringa tirotiro.

I ēnei rā, nā te whanaketanga o te tirohanga mamao amiorangi, ngā papaaho tirotiro aunoa, ngā waka Argo, ngā tauira tau, me ngā hangarau whakauru raraunga, kua uru te tirotiro moana ki tētahi wā "Raraunga Nui" tūturu. Ka taea te whakarapopoto i ōna āhuatanga matua penei: te tauine nui, te whānuitanga o te kapinga, te tere tere, me te taonga maha-ahu.

• Kua piki ake te rahinga raraunga mai i te taumata kikapaita (GB) ki te taumata petapaita (PB).
• Kua whānui haere te whānuitanga o te wā mai i ngā tekau tau noa iho ki te neke atu i te rautau.
• Ko te horapa ā-wāhi inaianei e kapi ana i te moana katoa o te ao.
• Ka horapa ngā tawhā i tirohia ki ngā āhuatanga maha, tae atu ki te pāmahana o te mata o te moana, te tote, ngā ia o te moana,ngaru, ngā papa hau, ngā kukū chlorophyll, te huka moana, me ētahi atu.

I taua wā anō, kei te whakapai tonu te taumira raraunga—ahakoa ko ngā tauira moana o te ao i mua he taumira noa o te 1°, kei te ahu whakamua inaianei ki te taumira 1/12°, tae atu ki ngā tauine iti iho i te kiromita. Kua eke tō tātou kaha ki te ako i ngā hanganga moana iti—pērā i ngā pūawai waenga, ngā taha takutai, me ngā ngaru o roto—ki tētahi taumata i tua atu i ngā mea i taea i mua.

I tētahi āhua, kei te neke haere te pūtaiao moana o ēnei rā mai i te "ārahihia e ngā wheako" ki te "ārahihia e ngā raraunga".

Nō hea te pūtake o ngā raraunga moana?

Ko te pūnaha raraunga moana o te ao he mea hanga ngātahi e ngā whakahaere moana o te ao, ngā pokapū huarere, ngā pūnaha amiorangi, me ngā whatunga tirotiro ā-motu puta noa i te ao.

• NOAA (USA): Ko tētahi o ngā puna raraunga moana tino nui o te ao, e whakarato ana i tētahi huinga hua raraunga hītori kore utu, tuwhera, me te wā roa—tae atu ki te NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis, ngā tuhinga tirotiro ICOADS, ngā raraunga pāmahana mata moana AVHRR, me te pūnaha matapae ā-ao GFS.
• Ūropi (ECMWF me ESA): Kua riro ngā raraunga tātaritanga anō ERA5 a ECMWF hei puna nui rawa atu o ngā raraunga ātete hau mō te rangahau taunekeneke hau-moana; e whakaatu ana te raupapa amiorangi Sentinel a ESA i ngā painga nui i roto i te tātaritanga mamao SAR, te tirotiro mata moana tino tika, me te aroturukitanga hukapapa moana.
• Āhia (JMA): E whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā raraunga COBE-SST a te Tari Tūmatanui o Hapani (JMA) i roto i ngā rangahau e pā ana ki te āhuarangi o Te Tai Tokerau o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, ENSO, me Āhia ki te Rawhiti.

He aha ngā momo raraunga moana e wātea ana?

E whā ngā momo matua o ngā raraunga moana o ēnei rā:ngā raraunga kaukau, ngā raraunga pūoko mamao, ngā raraunga tirotiro ā-tūnga, me ngā raraunga tātari anō.

Ngā Raraunga Kaukau Papa Moana

Koinei te tūāpapa mō ngā rangahau moana katoa. Mēnā ka whakaritea te whakatauira tau moana ki te "hanga whare," ko te ine kaukau—te hohonutanga me te āhua o te papa moana—ka noho hei "tūāpapa." Ko ngā huinga raraunga ine kaukau rongonui o te ao ko ETOPO me GEBCO; ko tēnei kua noho hei paerewa turanga e mōhiotia ana i te ao mō te āhua o te papa moana.

Raraunga Pūoko Mamao Amiorangi

Koinei te "kaha matua" i roto i te tirotiro moana o ēnei rā. Ko ōna painga matua kei roto i tōna whānuitanga o te rohe, te tere o te whakahou, me te kaha ki te tirotiro i te ao katoa i te wā kotahi.

• Te Pāmahana o te Mata o te Moana (SST): E whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā huinga raraunga pēnei i a MODIS, AVHRR, me OISST i roto i ngā rangahau e pā ana ki te ENSO, ngā ngaru wera o te moana, te Ia o Kuroshio, me te matapae hī ika.
• Ngā Marae Hau o te Mata o te Moana: I ahu mai i ngā amiorangi ine marara (hei tauira, ASCAT, SeaWinds, me te raupapa HY-2 a Haina), he mea nui ēnei raraunga mō ngā rangahau mō ngā awhiowhio, ngā ngaru i hangaia e te hau, me ngā taunekeneke o te rangi me te moana.
• Teitei o te Mata o te Moana (SSH): Ka aroturukihia e ngā amiorangi Altimeter—pērā i a TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason, me HY-2A—ngā rerekētanga o te taumata moana, ngā awhiowhio waenga, me te ara o te Ia Kuroshio.
• Radar Pūwero Hanga (SAR): He āhuatanga e taea ai te tirotiro i ngā āhuatanga katoa o te rangi, te awatea, me te taumira teitei, ka taea e te SAR te tiki mōhiohio mō te mata o te moana ahakoa i te pō, i raro rānei i te kapua. He whānuitia te whakamahinga mō te aroturuki i te hukapapa moana, ngā turuturu hinu, ngā ngaru o roto, ngā ngaru moana, me ngā kaipuke moana.

Ngā Raraunga Tirotiro ā-Tūnga

Ahakoa he iti te kapinga ā-wāhi ki te whakataurite ki te pūoko mamao, ko ēnei raraunga te taumata teitei rawa atu o te tika, ā, he tohu nui hoki mō ngā rangahau moana katoa.

• Ngā Pūwero Argo: He rite ki ngā "CTD aunoa" e rere ana puta noa i te moana o te ao, ka heke iho, ka piki ake ēnei pūwero i ia wā, i ia wā, hei ine aunoa i te pāmahana, te tote, me te pēhanga, ka tukuna ngā raraunga i te wā tūturu. Ko ngā mano tini o ngā pūwero Argo e whakamahia ana puta noa i te ao e hanga ana i te whatunga tirotiro moana nui rawa atu i roto i te hītori o te tangata.
• Ngā Tirohanga CTD: Koinei tonu ngā "taputapu paerewa" mō ngā rangahau moana, e whakarato ana i ngā kōtaha tino tika o te pāmahana me te tote.

Kei hea te anga whakamua o ngā raraunga moana?

He mārama, he pumau hoki te huarahi ā muri ake nei mō te whakawhanaketanga raraunga moana:

• Taumira Teitei Ake: Te neke haere mai i te tauine kiromita ki te tauine rau mita.
• Ngā Pūkenga Wā-Tūturu Whakarei Ake: Te whakatū haere i tētahi pūnaha "Moana Wā-Tūturu" whānui.
• Te Hononga Maha-Pūtake: Te whakauru i ngā amiorangi, ngā pōito, ngā tauira tau, ngā papaaho kore tangata, me te AI hei whakahaere ngātahi.
• Te Maramaramatanga: Kua tino uru te matauranga horihori ki roto i te pūtaiao moana—tae atu ki te matapae moana e whakahaerehia ana e te AI, te hanga anō i ngā raraunga ngaro, te kimi i ngā awhiowhio, te kimi i ngā pūoko mamao, me te maha atu.

Kei te tomo te pūtaiao moana ki tētahi wā hou:

| Raraunga Nui o te Moana + Matauranga Horihori = Te Mīhini Matua o te Rangahau Moana o te Ao kei te heke mai

E tino whakapono ana mātou ko te uara tūturu o ngā raraunga kei roto i tōna hopunga whai hua, tōna whakamāramatanga hōhonu, me tōna whakamahinga atamai.

Kei te tumanako atu ahau ki te kōrero ki a koe mō tētahi kōrero hohonu ake.