Gungwa rinofukidza inenge 71% yenzvimbo yepasi. Kubva pakufanotaura nzira dzedutu uye kukura kwemapurazi emugungwa kusvika pakuona kuti kufamba kwegungwa kwakachengeteka uye kuderedza njodzi dzemugungwa—uye kusvika pakutsvagurudza shanduko yemamiriro ekunze pasi rose—anenge mabvunzurudzo ese esainzi yemugungwa yemazuva ano anotsigira chinhu chimwe chete chakakosha: data remugungwa.

Kune avo vachangotanga basa remugungwa, dambudziko guru harisi "kushaya ruzivo," asi "kuwanda kweruzivo." Muchokwadi, ruzivo rwegungwa harupo rwuri rwega; panzvimbo pezvo, rwakashanduka kuita ecosystem yakazara inosanganisira "kutarisa—kunzwa kure—kutevedzera—kutevedzera—kuongorora kwakangwara."

Sei Sainzi yeMarine iri Kuwedzera Kuvimba neData?

Kare, vanhu vainyanya kuvimba nemidziyo yekutsvagisa,nzvimbo dzekutakura zvinhu zvepabhuru, uye kucherechedza nemaoko kuti unzwisise gungwa. Kunyange zvazvo nzira iyi yairatidza kunyatsojeka, yakanga isina nzvimbo yakakwana uye yaitora nguva yakareba yekucherechedza.

Nhasi uno, nekufambira mberi mukuona zviri kure kwesatellite, mapuratifomu ekuona otomatiki, maArgo floats, mamodheru enhamba, uye matekinoroji ekubatanidza data, kutarisa kwegungwa kwapinda munguva chaiyo ye "Big Data". Hunhu hwayo hunogona kupfupikiswa se: kukura kukuru, kufukidzwa kwakawanda, kumhanya kwakanyanya, uye kupfuma kwezvikamu zvakawanda.

• Vhoriyamu yedata yakawedzera kubva padanho regigabyte (GB) kusvika padanho repetabyte (PB).
• Kuwanda kwenguva pfupi kwakawedzera kubva pamakumi emakore chete kusvika pamakore anopfuura zana.
• Kufukidzwa kwenzvimbo ikozvino kunosanganisira gungwa rose repasi rose.
• Zviyero zvakacherechedzwa zvinosanganisira mativi akasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira tembiricha yegungwa, munyu, mafungu egungwa,mafungu, minda yemhepo, kuwanda kwechlorophyll, chando chegungwa, nezvimwewo.

Panguva imwe chete, kugadziriswa kwedata kuri kuramba kuchivandudzwa—nepo mamodheru egungwa repasi rose kare aive ne resolution yakafanana ye1°, iye zvino ari kufambira mberi kusvika ku resolution ye1/12°, kana kutoti scales ye sub-kilometer. Kugona kwedu kudzidza maumbirwo egungwa akatsetseka—akadai se mesoscale eddies, coastal fronts, uye internal waves—kwasvika padanho rakapfuura zvaikwanisika kare.

Mupfungwa yakati, sainzi yemazuva ano yemugungwa iri kuchinja kubva papfungwa "inotungamirirwa nemaonero" kuenda papfungwa "inotungamirirwa nedata".

Ruzivo rweGungwa Runobva Kupi?

Nzvimbo yeruzivo rwegungwa pasi rose inoumbwa pamwe chete nemasangano epasi rose emugungwa, nzvimbo dzemamiriro ekunze, masisitimu esatellite, uye network dzekutarisa dzenyika pasi rose.

• NOAA (USA): Imwe yenzvimbo dzakakosha pasi rose dzekuwana data regungwa, ichipa huwandu hwezvigadzirwa zvedata renhoroondo zvemahara, zvinosvikika pachena, uye zvenguva refu—zvinosanganisira NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis, ICOADS observational records, AVHRR sea surface temperature data, uye GFS global forecasting system.
• Europe (ECMWF & ESA): Data rekuongororazve reECMWF reERA5 rave chinhu chakakosha zvikuru pakutsvaga data rekumanikidza mhepo kuti ishande pamwe chete negungwa; Sentinel satellite series yeESA inoratidza mabhenefiti makuru mukuona SAR kure, kuongorora gungwa nemazvo, uye kuongorora chando chegungwa.
• Asia (JMA): Ruzivo rweCOBE-SST rweJapan Meteorological Agency (JMA) runoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukutsvaga mamiriro ekunze eNorthwest Pacific, ENSO, uye East Asia.

Ndeapi marudzi eruzivo rwegungwa aripo?

Ruzivo rwegungwa rwemazuva ano rwakakamurwa zvikuru mumhando huru ina:data re bathymetric, data rekuona zviri kure, data rekutarisa zviri mukati, uye data rekuongororazve.

Data reBathymetric rePasi peGungwa

Izvi ndizvo zvinoumba hwaro hwetsvagurudzo dzese dzegungwa. Kana munhu akafananidza kuumbwa kwenhamba dzegungwa ne "kuvaka chivako," saka bathymetry - kudzika uye topography yepasi pegungwa - yaizoshanda se "nheyo." Datasets dze bathymetric dzepasi rose dzinosanganisira ETOPO neGEBCO; yekupedzisira yave mepu inozivikanwa pasi rose ye topography yepasi pegungwa.

Data rekuona zviri kure reSatellite

Izvi zvinoshanda se "simba guru" mukuongorora kwegungwa kwemazuva ano. Zvakanakira zvikuru zviri mukufukidzwa kwayo kwakawanda kwenzvimbo, kukurumidza kuvandudzwa kwenzvimbo, uye kugona kwayo kuongorora pasi rose panguva imwe chete.

• Kupisa kweGungwa (SST): Datasets dzakadai seMODIS, AVHRR, uye OISST dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukutsvaga zvinosanganisira ENSO, kupisa kwegungwa, Kuroshio Current, uye kufanotaura nezvekubata hove.
• Minda yeMhepo yePamusoro peGungwa: Inonyanya kuwanikwa kubva kumasatellite e scatterometer (semuenzaniso, ASCAT, SeaWinds, uye HY-2 series yeChina), data iri rakakosha pakudzidza nezvemadutu, mafungu anokonzerwa nemhepo, uye kudyidzana kwemhepo negungwa.
• Kureba kweGungwa (SSH): Masatellite eAltimeter—akadai seTOPEX/Poseidon, Jason, uye HY-2A—anotarisa kusiyana kwemazinga egungwa, mesoscale eddies, uye nzira yeKuroshio Current.
• Radar yeAperture Radar (SAR): Inozivikanwa nekugona kwayo kushanda mumamiriro ekunze ese, zuva rese, uye kugona kwayo kushanda zvakanaka, SAR inogona kuwana ruzivo pamusoro pegungwa kunyangwe husiku kana pasi pemakore. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukutarisa chando chegungwa, mafuta anodururwa, mafungu emukati, mafungu egungwa, uye ngarava dzemugungwa.

Ruzivo rweKucherechedza Varipo

Kunyangwe kufukidzwa kwenzvimbo kwakaderera kana tichienzanisa nekuona zviri kure, data iri rinopa mwero wepamusoro wekururama uye rinoshanda sechiyereso chakakosha chetsvagurudzo dzese dzegungwa.

• Argo Buoys: Ichishanda se "automated CTDs" dzinofamba-famba mugungwa repasi rose, idzi dzinofamba-famba dzinodzika nekukwira nguva nenguva kuti dziyere tembiricha, munyu, uye kumanikidzwa, dzichitumira data racho panguva chaiyo. Zviuru zvezvinofamba-famba zveArgo zviri kushandiswa pasi rese pamwe chete zvinoumba network yakakura kwazvo yekutarisa gungwa munhoroondo yevanhu.
• Zvakaonekwa neCTD: Izvi zvinoramba zviri "midziyo yakajairika" muongororo dzegungwa, zvichipa ma profiles ekupisa nemunyu chaiwo.

Remangwana reruzivo rwegungwa riri kuendepi?

Nzira yeramangwana yekuvandudza ruzivo rwegungwa yakajeka uye yakasimba:

• Kugadziriswa Kwepamusoro: Kufambira mberi kubva pachiyero chemakiromita kusvika pakugadziriswa kwechikero chemazana.
• Kuvandudza Kugona Kwenguva Yechokwadi: Zvishoma nezvishoma kugadzira hurongwa hwakazara hwe "Nguva Yechokwadi Yegungwa".
• Kusanganiswa kwemanyuko akawanda: Kubatanidza masateliti, mabuoy, mamodheru enhamba, mapuratifomu asina vanhu, uye AI kuti zvishande pamwe chete.
• Kugadzirisa Ungwaru: Ungwaru hwekugadzira hwanyatsopinda mune zvesainzi yemugungwa—kusanganisira kufanotaura kwegungwa kunotungamirirwa neAI, kugadzirisazve data risipo, kuona zvinhu zviri kure, kutora ruzivo rwezvinhu zviri kure, nezvimwewo.

Sainzi yezvemugungwa iri kupinda munguva itsva:

| Dhata Guru reGungwa + Uchenjeri Hwekugadzira = Injini Yekutanga Yekutsvagurudza Kwegungwa Remangwana

Tinotenda zvakasimba kuti kukosha kwechokwadi kwedata kuri mukuwana kwaro zvinobudirira, kududzira kwakadzama, uye kushandiswa kwaro nehungwaru.

Ndiri kutarisira kutaurirana nemi kuti tikurukure zvakadzama.