Inyanja igizwe na hafi 71% by'ubuso bw'Isi. Kuva ku guhanura inzira z'inkubi z'umuyaga no guteza imbere ubworozi bw'amatungo yo mu nyanja kugeza ku kugenzura ko inzira zo mu nyanja zigenda neza no kugabanya ibiza byo mu nyanja—ndetse no ku bushakashatsi ku mihindagurikire y'ikirere ku isi—hafi buri bushakashatsi bwa siyansi igezweho yo mu mazi bushingiye ku isoko imwe y'ingenzi: amakuru y'inyanja.

Ku bantu binjira mu nyanja, ikibazo nyacyo akenshi si "ibura ry'amakuru," ahubwo ni "ubwinshi bw'amakuru." Mu by'ukuri, amakuru yo mu nyanja ntabwo abaho ukwayo; ahubwo, yahindutse urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima rugizwe n'"isesengura ry'ubwenge rijyanye no kureba kure."

Kuki siyansi yo mu mazi irimo kugenda ishingira cyane ku makuru?

Mu bihe byashize, abantu bishingikirizaga cyane cyane ku bikoresho by’ubushakashatsi,sitasiyo za boya, n'ibyo umuntu yakwitegereza akoresheje intoki kugira ngo asobanukirwe inyanja. Nubwo ubu buryo bwatangaga ubuziranenge bwo hejuru, bwagize ikibazo cyo kutagira aho buhuriye n'ikirere ndetse n'ingendo ndende zo kureba.

Muri iki gihe, hamwe n’iterambere mu bijyanye no kumenya kure isanzure, ikoranabuhanga ryo kureba mu buryo bwikora, Argo floats, moderi z’imibare, n’ikoranabuhanga ryo guhuza amakuru, kugenzura inyanja byinjiye mu gihe cy’ukuri cya "Big Data". Ibiranga byayo bishobora kuvugwa muri make nk’ibi: urwego runini, ubwinshi bw’amakuru, umuvuduko mwinshi, n’uburumbuke bwinshi.

• Ubwinshi bw'amakuru bwazamutse kuva ku rwego rwa gigabyte (GB) kugera ku rwego rwa petabyte (PB).
• Ubuhanga bw'igihe gito bwaragutse buva ku myaka mirongo gusa bugera ku myaka irenga ikinyejana.
• Ubu isanzure ry’ikirere ubu rikubiyemo inyanja yose y’isi.
• Ibipimo byagaragaye bikubiyemo ibipimo byinshi, harimo ubushyuhe bw'inyanja, umunyu, imigezi y'inyanja,imiraba, imirima y'umuyaga, ubwinshi bwa chlorophyll, urubura rwo mu nyanja, n'ibindi.

Muri icyo gihe, uburyo bwo gusuzuma amakuru bukomeje gutera imbere—mu gihe imiterere y’inyanja ku isi ya kera yari ifite ubushobozi bwo gusuzuma 1°, ubu irimo gutera imbere igana ku gipimo cya 1/12°, cyangwa se no ku gipimo cya kilometero nto. Ubushobozi bwacu bwo kwiga imiterere y’inyanja nto—nk’inkombe za mesoscale, impande zo ku nkombe, n’imiraba y’imbere—bwageze ku rwego rurenze kure uko byashobokaga mbere.

Mu buryo bumwe, siyansi yo mu mazi ya none ubu irimo kuva ku "gukoresha imbaraga zidasanzwe" ikajya ku "gukoresha amakuru".

Amakuru y'inyanja aturuka he mbere na mbere?

Urusobe rw'amakuru ku nyanja ku isi rugizwe n'imiryango mpuzamahanga yo mu mazi, ibigo by'ubumenyi bw'ikirere, sisitemu za satelite, n'imiyoboro y'igihugu yo kugenzura hirya no hino ku isi.

• NOAA (USA): Imwe mu masoko y’ingenzi cyane ku isi y’amakuru yo mu nyanja, itanga amakuru y’amateka y’ubuntu, afunguye kandi y’igihe kirekire—harimo isesengura rya NCEP/NCAR, inyandiko zo kwitegereza za ICOADS, amakuru y’ubushyuhe bw’inyanja ya AVHRR, na sisitemu yo guhanura ya GFS ku isi.
• Uburayi (ECMWF na ESA): Amakuru ya ECMWF yo gusesengura ERA5 yabaye isoko y'ingenzi cyane y'amakuru akoresha imbaraga mu kirere mu bushakashatsi ku mikoranire y'ikirere n'inyanja; urukurikirane rwa satelite rwa ESA rwa Sentinel rugaragaza ibyiza bikomeye mu kumenya kure SAR, kureba neza ubuso bw'inyanja, no kugenzura urubura rwo mu nyanja.
• Aziya (JMA): Amakuru ya COBE-SST y’Ikigo cy’Ubuyapani gishinzwe iteganyagihe (JMA) akoreshwa cyane mu bushakashatsi ku bijyanye n’ikirere cy’Amajyaruguru y’Uburengerazuba bwa Pasifika, ENSO, na Aziya y’Iburasirazuba.

Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'amakuru yo mu nyanja ahari?

Amakuru yo mu nyanja ya none ashyirwa mu byiciro bine by'ingenzi:amakuru yo mu bwoko bwa bathymetric, amakuru yo gupima kure, amakuru yo kwitegereza ahantu runaka, n'amakuru yo gusubiramo isesengura.

Amakuru yo mu bwogero bwo hasi mu nyanja

Ibi ni byo shingiro ry'ubushakashatsi bwose ku bijyanye n'inyanja. Iyo umuntu agereranya ibishushanyo mbonera by'imibare byo mu nyanja no "kubaka inyubako," ubwo icyitegererezo cy'amazi - uburebure n'imiterere y'ubutaka bw'inyanja - byaba ari "ishingiro." Amakuru asanzwe ku isi yose ajyanye n'icyitegererezo cy'amazi arimo ETOPO na GEBCO; aya ya nyuma yabaye ikarita yemewe ku rwego mpuzamahanga y'imiterere y'ubutaka bw'inyanja.

Amakuru yo Gusuzuma Satellite kuri Interineti

Ibi ni byo "bintu by'ingenzi" mu isuzuma ry'inyanja rya none. Ibyiza byayo by'ingenzi biri mu gukwirakwira kwayo mu kirere, inshuro nyinshi ivugururwa, hamwe n'ubushobozi bwo kureba isi icyarimwe.

• Ubushyuhe bw'inyanja (SST): Amakuru nka MODIS, AVHRR, na OISST akoreshwa cyane mu bushakashatsi bujyanye na ENSO, ubushyuhe bwo mu mazi, Kuroshio Current, no guhanura uburobyi.
• Imiyaga yo ku buso bw'inyanja: Yakomotse ahanini kuri satelite zipima ikirere (urugero: ASCAT, SeaWinds, na HY-2 series y'Ubushinwa), aya makuru ni ingenzi cyane mu bushakashatsi ku miyaga iterwa n'umuyaga, imiraba iterwa n'umuyaga, n'imikoranire y'ikirere n'inyanja.
• Uburebure bw'Ubuso bw'Inyanja (SSH): Satelite za Altimeter—nka TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason, na HY-2A—zigenzura ihindagurika ry'urugero rw'inyanja, imiraba ya mesoscale, n'inzira y'umugezi wa Kuroshio.
• Radar y'Aperture Synthetic (SAR): Irangwa n'ubushobozi bwo gukora ikirere cyose, umunsi wose, no gukora neza cyane, SAR ishobora kubona amakuru yo ku buso bw'inyanja ndetse no mu ijoro cyangwa munsi y'ibicu. Ikoreshwa cyane mu kugenzura urubura rwo mu nyanja, ibyamenetse muri peteroli, imiraba yo mu nyanja, imiraba yo mu nyanja, n'amato yo mu nyanja.

Amakuru yo Kwitegereza Aho Baherereye

Nubwo uburyo bwo kugenzura ikirere ari buke ugereranije n’uburyo bwo kumenya kure, aya makuru atanga urwego rwo hejuru rw’ubunyangamugayo kandi akaba ari ingenzi mu bushakashatsi bwose bwo mu nyanja.

• Argo Buoys: Ikora nk' "imashini zikora ku buryo bwikora" zigenda zizenguruka mu nyanja y'isi, izi mashini zigenda zimanuka kandi zizamuka buri gihe kugira ngo zipime ubushyuhe, umunyu, n'umuvuduko mu buryo bwikora, zohereze amakuru mu gihe nyacyo. Ibihumbi by'imashini zigenda ziruka za Argo zikoreshwa ku isi yose hamwe ni zo sosiyete nini cyane mu mateka y'abantu.
• Ibyagaragajwe na CTD: Ibi biracyari "ibikoresho bisanzwe" mu bushakashatsi ku birebana n'inyanja, bitanga imiterere y'ubushyuhe n'umunyu mu buryo bunoze.

Ahazaza h'amakuru yo mu nyanja hagana he?

Inzira y'ejo hazaza y'iterambere ry'amakuru yo mu nyanja irasobanutse kandi irahamye:

• Ubushobozi bwo hejuru: Kuva ku burebure bwa kilometero kugera ku burebure bwa metero ijana.
• Kongera ubushobozi bwo gukora mu gihe nyacyo: Gushyiraho buhoro buhoro sisitemu yuzuye ya "Inyanja nyayo".
• Guhuza amasasu menshi: Guhuza ibyogajuru, amasasu, imiterere y'imibare, urubuga rudafite abapilote, na AI kugira ngo bikore neza.
• Ubwenge: Ubwenge bw'ubukorano bwamaze kwinjira cyane mu bumenyi bw'inyanja—burimo guhanura inyanja hakoreshejwe ubuhanga bwa AI, kongera gusana amakuru yabuze, kumenya amakuru aturuka mu kirere, gushakisha amakuru aturuka kure, n'ibindi byinshi.

Ubumenyi bw'amazi mu mazi buri kwinjira mu gihe gishya:

| Amakuru Manini yo mu Nyanja + Ubwenge bw'Ubukorano = Moteri y'ingenzi y'Ubushakashatsi bw'Inyanja bw'ejo hazaza

Twizera tudashidikanya ko agaciro nyakuri k'amakuru gashingiye ku kubona amakuru neza, kuyasobanura mu buryo bwimbitse no kuyakoresha mu buryo bw'ubwenge.

Ntegereje kuvugana nawe kugira ngo tugire ibiganiro byimbitse.