Ulwandle lugubungela malunga ne-71% yomphezulu woMhlaba. Ukususela ekuqikeleleni iindlela zeenkanyamba kunye nophuhliso lweefama zaselwandle ukuya ekuqinisekiseni ukuhamba ngolwandle ngokukhuselekileyo kunye nokunciphisa iintlekele zaselwandle—kwaye kufikelela nakwiphando lotshintsho lwemozulu lwehlabathi—phantse yonke imibuzo yesayensi yaselwandle yanamhlanje ixhomekeke kwisixhobo esinye esibalulekileyo: idatha yolwandle.

Kwabo basandul’ ukungena kwicandelo lolwandle, umceli mngeni wokwenene awusoloko “ukungabikho kwedatha,” kodwa “kubuninzi bedatha.” Enyanisweni, idatha yolwandle ayikho yodwa; endaweni yoko, iguqukele kwi-ecosystem ebanzi equka “ukujonga—ukubona kude—ukumodela—ukuhlanganisa—uhlalutyo olukrelekrele.”

Kutheni iSayensi yoLwandle ixhomekeka ngakumbi kwiDatha?

Ngaphambili, uluntu lwaluxhomekeke kakhulu kwiinqanawa zophando,izikhululo zebhayoyi, kunye nokujonga ngesandla ukuqonda ulwandle. Nangona le ndlela yayinika ukuchaneka okuphezulu, yayineengxaki zokugubungela indawo encinci kunye nemijikelo emide yokujonga.

Namhlanje, ngenxa yokuqhubela phambili kwindlela yokubona kude yesathelayithi, amaqonga okujonga azenzekelayo, ii-Argo floats, iimodeli zamanani, kunye nobuchwepheshe bokuhlanganisa idatha, ukujongwa kolwandle kungene kwixesha lokwenyani "le-Big Data". Iimpawu zalo ezichazayo zingashwankathelwa ngolu hlobo: ubungakanani obukhulu, ukugubungela okubanzi, isantya esiphezulu, kunye nobutyebi obunemilinganiselo emininzi.

• Umthamo wedatha unyukile ukusuka kwinqanaba le-gigabyte (GB) ukuya kwinqanaba le-petabyte (PB).
• Ububanzi bexesha bukhule ukusuka kumashumi eminyaka ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu.
• Ugutyungelwe kwendawo ngoku lugubungela lonke ulwandle lwehlabathi.
• Iiparameter ezijongiweyo zigubungela ubukhulu obahlukeneyo, kuquka ubushushu bomphezulu wolwandle, ityuwa, imisinga yolwandle,amaza, amasimi omoya, amanqanaba e-chlorophyll, umkhenkce wolwandle, nokunye.

Kwangaxeshanye, isisombululo sedatha siyaqhubeka siphucuka—ngelixa iimodeli zolwandle zehlabathi zazinesisombululo esifanayo se-1°, ngoku ziqhubela phambili ukuya kwisisombululo se-1/12°, okanye nakwizikali ze-sub-kilometer. Amandla ethu okufunda izakhiwo zolwandle ezikumgangatho ophantsi—ezifana nee-mesoscale eddies, imida yonxweme, kunye namaza angaphakathi—afikelele kwinqanaba elingaphezulu kakhulu koko bekunokwenzeka ngaphambili.

Ngandlela ithile, isayensi yanamhlanje yolwandle ngoku itshintsha ukusuka kwindlela "eqhutywa yimpembelelo" ukuya kwindlela "eqhutywa yidatha".

Ivela phi idatha yolwandle?

Inkqubo yedatha yolwandle yehlabathi yenziwe ngokudibeneyo yimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe yaselwandle, amaziko emozulu, iinkqubo zesathelayithi, kunye neenethiwekhi zokujonga zelizwe kwihlabathi liphela.

• I-NOAA (e-USA): Enye yezona mithombo zibalulekileyo zehlabathi zedatha yolwandle, ebonelela ngezixhobo zedatha yembali yasimahla, evulelekileyo, kunye neyamaxesha amade—kuquka i-NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis, iirekhodi zokujonga ze-ICOADS, idatha yobushushu bomphezulu wolwandle lwe-AVHRR, kunye nenkqubo yokuqikelela i-GFS yehlabathi.
• IYurophu (ECMWF kunye ne-ESA): Idatha yokuhlaziywa kwakhona kwe-ECMWF ye-ERA5 ibe yeyona mthombo ubalulekileyo wedatha yokunyanzelisa umoya yophando lokunxibelelana komoya nolwandle; uthotho lwesathelayithi ye-ESA ye-Sentinel lubonisa iingenelo ezibalulekileyo kwi-SAR remote sensing, ukujonga umphezulu wolwandle ngokuchanekileyo, kunye nokujonga umkhenkce wolwandle.
• I-Asia (JMA): Idatha ye-COBE-SST ye-Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) isetyenziswa kakhulu kuphando oluphathelele imozulu yaseMntla-ntshona wePasifiki, i-ENSO, kunye neMpuma Asia.

Zeziphi iintlobo zedatha yolwandle ezikhoyo?

Idatha yolwandle yanamhlanje ihlulwe ngokubanzi kwiindidi ezine eziphambili:idatha ye-bathymetric, idatha yokubona kude, idatha yokujonga kwindawo ethile, kunye nedatha yokuhlaziya ngokutsha.

Idatha yeBathymetric yoLwandle

Oku kusisiseko salo lonke uphando lwezolwandle. Ukuba umntu ebenokufanisa imodeli yamanani olwandle "nokwakha isakhiwo," ngoko i-bathymetry—ubunzulu kunye ne-topography yomgangatho wolwandle—ibiya kusebenza njenge "siseko." Iiseti zedatha ze-bathymetric zehlabathi eziqhelekileyo ziquka i-ETOPO kunye ne-GEBCO; le yokugqibela iye yaba yimephu yesiseko esemgangathweni eyaziwayo kwihlabathi liphela ye-topography yomgangatho wolwandle.

Idatha Yokubona Idatha Ekude yeSatellite

Oku kusebenza “njengamandla aphambili” ekujongeni ulwandle namhlanje. Iingenelo zayo eziphambili zikwindawo ebanzi, ukuhlaziywa kwayo rhoqo, kunye nomthamo wokujonga ihlabathi ngaxeshanye.

• Ubushushu boMphezulu woLwandle (SST): Iiseti zedatha ezifana neMODIS, AVHRR, kunye ne-OISST zisetyenziswa kakhulu kuphando olubandakanya i-ENSO, amaza obushushu olwandle, iKuroshio Current, kunye noqikelelo lweentlanzi.
• Amasimi Omoya Aphezu Kolwandle: Ngokuyintloko athathwe kwiisathelayithi ze-scatterometer (umz., i-ASCAT, i-SeaWinds, kunye nochungechunge lwe-HY-2 lwaseTshayina), ezi datha zibalulekile kwizifundo ngeenkanyamba, amaza adalwa ngumoya, kunye nokusebenzisana komoya nolwandle.
• Ukuphakama koMphezulu woLwandle (SSH): Iisathelayithi ze-Altimeter—ezifana ne-TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason, kunye ne-HY-2A—zijonga utshintsho lomgangatho wolwandle, i-mesoscale eddies, kunye nendlela iKuroshio Current ehamba ngayo.
• I-Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR): Ibonakala ngokuba nemozulu eguquguqukayo, imini yonke, kunye nokukwazi kwayo ukusombulula iingxaki, i-SAR inokufumana ulwazi ngomphezulu wolwandle nokuba kusebusuku okanye phantsi kwelifu. Isetyenziswa kakhulu ekujongeni umkhenkce wolwandle, ukuchitheka kweoyile, amaza angaphakathi, amaza olwandle, kunye neenqanawa zaselwandle.

Idatha yokujonga kwindawo ohlala kuyo

Nangona ukugubungela indawo kulinganiselwe xa kuthelekiswa nokubona kude, le datha inika umgangatho ophezulu wokuchaneka kwaye isebenza njengomlinganiselo obalulekileyo kulo lonke uphando lwezolwandle.

• Ii-Argo Buoys: Zisebenza njenge "ii-CTD ezenzekelayo" ezijikeleza ulwandle lwehlabathi, ezi zixhobo zokudada ziyahla kwaye zinyuke rhoqo ukuze zilinganise ngokuzenzekelayo ubushushu, ityuwa, kunye noxinzelelo, zithumela idatha kwakhona ngexesha langempela. Amawaka ezixhobo zokudada ze-Argo ezisasazwa kwihlabathi liphela ngoku zizonke zenza inethiwekhi enkulu yokujonga ulwandle kwimbali yoluntu.
• Izinto eziqwalaselweyo ze-CTD: Ezi zihlala "zizixhobo ezisemgangathweni" kuphando lwezolwandle, zibonelela ngeeprofayili ezichanekileyo zobushushu kunye netyuwa.

Ikamva ledatha yolwandle lijonge phi?

Indlela yexesha elizayo yophuhliso lwedatha yolwandle icacile kwaye ayiguquki:

• Isisombululo Esiphezulu: Ukuqhubela phambili ukusuka kwisikali seekhilomitha ukuya kwisikali seemitha ezilikhulu.
• Ukuphucula Amandla Exesha Langempela: Ukuseka kancinci kancinci inkqubo epheleleyo "Yolwandle Ngexesha Langempela".
• I-Multi-source Fusion: Ukudibanisa ii-satellites, ii-buoys, iimodeli zamanani, amaqonga angenamntu, kunye ne-AI ukuze zisebenze kunye.
• Ubuchule: Ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa bungene nzulu kwisayensi yolwandle—equka ukuqikelela ulwandle okuqhutywa yi-AI, ukwakhiwa kwakhona kwedatha engekhoyo, ukufunyanwa kwe-eddy, ukufunyanwa kwe-remote sensing, nokunye.

Isayensi yolwandle ingena kwixesha elitsha kraca:

| Idatha Enkulu Yolwandle + Ubukrelekrele Bokwenziwa = Injini Ephambili Yophando Lolwandle Lwexesha Elizayo

Sikholelwa ngokuqinileyo ukuba ixabiso lokwenyani ledatha lixhomekeke ekufumaneni kwayo ulwazi ngendlela eyiyo, ekutolikweni kwayo okunzulu, nasekusetyenzisweni kwayo ngobulumko.

Ndilangazelela ukunxibelelana nawe ukuze sincokole nzulu.