Ulwandle lumboza cishe u-71% wobuso boMhlaba. Kusukela ekubikezeleni izindlela zeziphepho kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamapulazi olwandle kuya ekuqinisekiseni ukuzulazula olwandle okuphephile kanye nokunciphisa izinhlekelele zasolwandle—futhi kuze kufike ocwaningweni lokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke—cishe yonke imibuzo yesayensi yasolwandle yesimanje incike emthonjeni owodwa obalulekile: idatha yolwandle.

Kulabo abasanda kungena emkhakheni wasolwandle, inselele yangempela ngokuvamile akuyona "ukuntuleka kwedatha," kodwa kunalokho "ukuchichima kwedatha." Eqinisweni, idatha yolwandle ayikho yodwa; kunalokho, iguqukele ekubeni uhlelo oluphelele lwe-ecosystem oluhlanganisa "ukubuka—ukuzwa okukude—ukumodela—ukuhlanganisa—ukuhlaziywa okuhlakaniphile."

Kungani Isayensi Yasolwandle Incika Kakhulu Kudatha?

Esikhathini esidlule, isintu sasithembele kakhulu emikhunjini yocwaningo,iziteshi ze-buoy, kanye nokubuka ngesandla ukuze kuqondwe ulwandle. Nakuba le ndlela yayinikeza ukunemba okuphezulu, yayinokumbozwa okulinganiselwe kwendawo kanye nemijikelezo emide yokubuka.

Namuhla, ngentuthuko ekuzweleni kude kwesathelayithi, amapulatifomu okubuka okuzenzakalelayo, ama-Argo floats, amamodeli ezinombolo, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuhlanganisa idatha, ukubuka olwandle kungene enkathini yangempela "ye-Big Data". Izici zako ezichazayo zingafingqwa kanje: ubukhulu obukhulu, ukumbozwa okubanzi, isivinini esikhulu, kanye nokuceba okunezinhlangothi eziningi.

• Ivolumu yedatha ikhuphukile kusukela ezingeni le-gigabyte (GB) kuya ezingeni le-petabyte (PB).
• Ububanzi besikhathi bukhule kusukela emashumini eminyaka kuya esikhathini esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka.
• Ukumbozwa kwendawo manje kuhlanganisa lonke ulwandle lomhlaba.
• Amapharamitha aqashelwe ahlanganisa ubukhulu obuhlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa izinga lokushisa lolwandle, usawoti, imisinga yolwandle,amagagasi, amasimu omoya, amazinga e-chlorophyll, iqhwa lolwandle, nokuningi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukulungiswa kwedatha kuyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka—kanti amamodeli olwandle omhlaba wonke ngokomlando ayenesinqumo esivamile esingu-1°, manje aqhubekela phambili ekuxazululeni okungu-1/12°, noma ngisho nasezikalini ezingaphansi kwamakhilomitha. Amandla ethu okutadisha izakhiwo zolwandle ezincane—njengezingqimba ze-mesoscale, izizinda zasogwini, kanye namagagasi angaphakathi—afinyelele ezingeni elingaphezu kwalokho okwakungenzeka ngaphambili.

Ngandlela thile, isayensi yanamuhla yasolwandle okwamanje ishintsha isuka kumqondo "oqhutshwa yimibono" iye kowo "oqhutshwa yidatha".

Ivelaphi Idatha Yolwandle Ngokuyinhloko?

Uhlelo lwedatha yolwandle lomhlaba wonke lwakhiwe ndawonye yizinhlangano zasolwandle zomhlaba wonke, izikhungo zezulu, izinhlelo zesathelayithi, kanye namanethiwekhi okubuka kazwelonke emhlabeni wonke.

• I-NOAA (USA): Enye yemithombo ebaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni yedatha yolwandle, enikeza iqoqo lemikhiqizo yedatha yomlando yamahhala, evulelekile, neyesikhathi eside—kufaka phakathi i-NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis, amarekhodi okubuka e-ICOADS, idatha yokushisa kolwandle lwe-AVHRR, kanye nohlelo lokubikezela lomhlaba wonke lwe-GFS.
• IYurophu (ECMWF kanye ne-ESA): Idatha yokuhlaziywa kabusha kwe-ECMWF ye-ERA5 isibe umthombo obaluleke kakhulu wedatha yokuphoqelela umoya yocwaningo lokusebenzisana komoya nolwandle; uchungechunge lwesathelayithi lwe-ESA lwe-Sentinel lubonisa izinzuzo ezibalulekile ekuzweleni kude kwe-SAR, ukubuka ubuso bolwandle ngokunemba okuphezulu, kanye nokuqapha iqhwa lolwandle.
• I-Asia (JMA): Idatha ye-COBE-SST ye-Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) isetshenziswa kabanzi ocwaningweni oluphathelene nesimo sezulu saseNyakatho-ntshonalanga yePacific, i-ENSO, kanye ne-East Asia.

Yiziphi izinhlobo zedatha yolwandle ezikhona?

Idatha yolwandle yanamuhla ihlukaniswe ngokuyinhloko ngezinhlobo ezine ezinkulu:idatha ye-bathymetric, idatha yokuzwa kude, idatha yokubuka endaweni, kanye nedatha yokuhlaziya kabusha.

Idatha ye-Bathymetric yolwandle

Lokhu kwakha isisekelo salo lonke ucwaningo lwe-oceanographic. Uma umuntu ebengafanisa ukumodela kwezinombolo zolwandle "nokwakha isakhiwo," khona-ke i-bathymetry—ukujula kanye ne-topography yephansi lolwandle—izosebenza njenge-"isisekelo." Amasethi edatha e-bathymetric ajwayelekile kakhulu emhlabeni wonke afaka i-ETOPO ne-GEBCO; lokhu kwamuva sekuyimephu eyisisekelo eqashelwa emhlabeni wonke ye-topography yephansi lolwandle.

Idatha Yokuzwa Kwesethelayithi Ekude

Lokhu kusebenza “njengamandla amakhulu” ekubukeni kolwandle kwanamuhla. Izinzuzo zako ezibalulekile zisekumbozweni kwendawo okubanzi, ukuvama kokuvuselelwa okusheshayo, kanye nekhono lokubuka umhlaba wonke ngasikhathi sinye.

• Izinga Lokushisa Lolwandle (SST): Amasethi edatha afana ne-MODIS, AVHRR, kanye ne-OISST asetshenziswa kabanzi ocwaningweni oluhilela i-ENSO, amagagasi okushisa olwandle, i-Kuroshio Current, kanye nokubikezela ukudoba.
• Amasimu Omoya Ongaphezulu Kolwandle: Ngokuyinhloko atholakala kumasathelayithi e-scatterometer (isb., i-ASCAT, i-SeaWinds, kanye nochungechunge lwe-HY-2 lwaseShayina), le datha ibalulekile ezifundweni zezivunguvungu, amagagasi akhiqizwa umoya, kanye nokusebenzisana komoya nolwandle.
• Ukuphakama Komphezulu Wolwandle (SSH): Amasathelayithi e-Altimeter—njenge-TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason, kanye ne-HY-2A—aqapha ukushintsha kwezinga lolwandle, ama-mesoscale eddies, kanye nendlela yomzila we-Kuroshio Current.
• I-Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR): Ibonakala ngamakhono asebenza kuzo zonke izimo zezulu, usuku lonke, kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu, i-SAR ingathola ulwazi lolwandle ngisho nasebusuku noma ngaphansi kwefu. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuqapheni iqhwa lolwandle, ukuchitheka kukawoyela, amagagasi angaphakathi, amagagasi olwandle, kanye nemikhumbi yasolwandle.

Idatha Yokubuka Esendaweni

Nakuba ukumbozwa kwendawo kulinganiselwe uma kuqhathaniswa nokuzwa okukude, le datha inikeza izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokunemba futhi isebenza njengesilinganiso esibalulekile salo lonke ucwaningo lwezolwandle.

• Ama-Argo Buoys: Asebenza njenge-“automated CTDs” azulazula olwandle lomhlaba wonke, lawa ma-floating ehla futhi enyuka njalo ukuze alinganise ngokuzenzakalelayo izinga lokushisa, usawoti, kanye nengcindezi, adlulisele idatha emuva ngesikhathi sangempela. Izinkulungwane zama-floating e-Argo asetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke njengamanje zakha inethiwekhi yokubuka ulwandle enkulu kunazo zonke emlandweni wesintu.
• Okubonwe yi-CTD: Lokhu kusalokhu “kuyimishini ejwayelekile” ezinhlolovo zezolwandle, okunikeza amaphrofayili okushisa nosawoti anembile kakhulu.

Libhekephi ikusasa ledatha yolwandle?

Indlela yesikhathi esizayo yokuthuthukiswa kwedatha yolwandle icacile futhi iqinisekile:

• Isixazululo Esiphezulu: Ukuthuthuka kusuka esikalini samakhilomitha kuya esikalini samamitha ayikhulu.
• Amakhono Athuthukisiwe Esikhathi Sangempela: Kancane kancane kusungulwa uhlelo oluphelele lwe-“Real-time Ocean”.
• Ukuhlanganiswa Kwemithombo Eminingi: Ukuhlanganisa amasathelayithi, ama-buoy, amamodeli ezinombolo, amapulatifomu angenamuntu, kanye ne-AI ukuze kusebenze ngokubambisana.
• Ubuhlakani: Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa bungene shí kwisayensi yasolwandle—okuhlanganisa ukubikezela kolwandle okuqhutshwa yi-AI, ukwakhiwa kabusha kwedatha engekho, ukutholwa kwe-eddy, ukutholwa kokuzwa okukude, nokuningi.

Isayensi yasolwandle ingena enkathini entsha sha:

| Idatha Enkulu Yolwandle + Ubuhlakani Bokwenziwa = Injini Eyinhloko Yocwaningo Lolwandle Lwesikhathi Esizayo

Sikholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi inani langempela ledatha lisekutholakaleni kwayo okuphumelelayo, ukuchazwa okujulile, kanye nokusetshenziswa okuhlakaniphile.

Ngilangazelela ukuxhumana nawe ukuze sixoxe ngokujulile.