Njengoko ihlabathi likhawulezisa utshintsho lwalo kumandla avuselelekayo, iifama zomoya ezikude nolwandle (ii-OWF) ziba yintsika ebalulekileyo yesakhiwo samandla. Ngo-2023, amandla omoya akude nolwandle afakwe kwihlabathi liphela afikelele kwi-117 GW, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba aphindwe kabini aye kwi-320 GW ngo-2030. Amandla okwanda okwangoku agxile kakhulu eYurophu (495 GW potential), e-Asia (292 GW), naseMelika (200 GW), ngelixa amandla akude nolwandle e-Afrika nase-Oceania ephantsi kakhulu (1.5 GW kunye ne-99 GW ngokulandelelana). Ngo-2050, kulindeleke ukuba i-15% yeeprojekthi ezintsha zamandla omoya ezikude nolwandle ziya kwamkela iziseko ezidadayo, zandise kakhulu imida yophuhliso emanzini anzulu. Nangona kunjalo, olu tshintsho lwamandla luzisa nemingcipheko ebalulekileyo yendalo. Ngexesha lokwakhiwa, ukusebenza, kunye nokupheliswa kweenkqubo zeefama zomoya ezikude nolwandle, zinokuphazamisa amaqela ahlukeneyo afana neentlanzi, izilwanyana ezingenamqolo, iintaka zolwandle, kunye nezilwanyana zaselwandle, kubandakanya ungcoliseko lwengxolo, utshintsho kumasimi e-electromagnetic, utshintsho lweendawo zokuhlala, kunye nokuphazamiseka kweendlela zokutya. Nangona kunjalo, kwangaxeshanye, izakhiwo ze-wind turbine zingasebenza njenge "ziindawo zokwenziwa" zokubonelela ngeendawo zokukhusela nokuphucula ukwahluka kweentlobo zezilwanyana zasekuhlaleni.

1. Iifama zomoya ezingaselunxwemeni zibangela ukuphazamiseka okubanzi kwiintlobo ngeentlobo, kwaye iimpendulo zibonisa ukucaca okuphezulu ngokweentlobo kunye nokuziphatha.

Iifama zomoya ezikwi-offshore (ii-OWF) zinempembelelo enzima kwiintlobo ngeentlobo ezifana neentaka zaselwandle, izilwanyana ezanyisayo, iintlanzi, kunye nezilwanyana ezingenamqolo ngexesha lokwakhiwa, ukusebenza, kunye nokususwa kwemisebenzi. Iimpendulo zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zahlukile kakhulu. Umzekelo, izilwanyana ezibhabhayo ezinethambo lomqolo (ezifana nee-gulls, ii-loons, kunye nee-three-toed gulls) zinezinga eliphezulu lokuphepha kwii-turbine zomoya, kwaye ukuziphatha kwazo kokuphepha kuyanda ngokunyuka koxinano lwee-turbine. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izilwanyana zaselwandle ezifana nee-seals kunye nee-porpoise zibonisa ukuziphatha okusondelayo okanye azibonisi mpendulo icacileyo yokuphepha. Ezinye iintlobo (ezifana neentaka zaselwandle) zinokude zishiye indawo yazo yokuzalela nokutya ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kweefama zomoya, okubangela ukwehla kobuninzi bendawo. Ukushukuma kweentambo ze-anchor okubangelwa ziifama zomoya ezidadayo kunokunyusa umngcipheko wokubanjwa kweentambo, ngakumbi kwiminenga emikhulu. Ukwanda kwamanzi anzulu kwixesha elizayo kuya kuyenza mandundu le ngozi.

2. Iifama zomoya ezingaphesheya kolwandle zitshintsha ulwakhiwo lwewebhu yokutya, zinyusa ukwahlukahluka kweentlobo zezilwanyana zasekuhlaleni kodwa zinciphisa imveliso ephambili yengingqi.

Isakhiwo se-wind turbine singasebenza njenge-"arficial reef", sitsala izinto eziphilayo ezitya isihluzo ezifana nee-mussels kunye nee-barnacles, ngaloo ndlela siphucula ubunzima bendawo yokuhlala yasekuhlaleni kwaye sitsala iintlanzi, iintaka kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo. Nangona kunjalo, esi siphumo "sokukhuthaza izondlo" sidla ngokukhawulelwa kufutshane nesiseko se-turbine, ngelixa kwinqanaba lengingqi, kunokubakho ukwehla kwemveliso. Umzekelo, iimodeli zibonisa ukuba ukwakheka okubangelwa yi-wind turbine yoluntu lwee-blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) kuLwandle oluseMantla kunokunciphisa imveliso yokuqala ukuya kuthi ga kwi-8% ngokutya isihluzo. Ngaphezu koko, intsimi yomoya itshintsha ukuphakama, ukuxuba ngokuthe nkqo kunye nokusasazwa kwakhona kwezondlo, okunokukhokelela kwisiphumo sokuhla ukusuka kwi-phytoplankton ukuya kwiintlobo ze-trophic level ephezulu.

3. Ingxolo, amasimi e-electromagnetic kunye neengozi zokungqubana zezona zinto zintathu ziphambili ezibangela uxinezeleko olubulalayo, kwaye iintaka kunye nezilwanyana zaselwandle zezona zivakalelwa kakhulu kuzo.

Ngexesha lokwakhiwa kweefama zomoya ezikwi-offshore, imisebenzi yeenqanawa kunye nemisebenzi yokuqokelela imithwalo inokubangela ukungqubana nokufa kwee-sea turtles, iintlanzi, kunye nee-cetaceans. Le modeli iqikelela ukuba ngamaxesha aphezulu, ifama nganye yomoya inokudibana okuqhelekileyo ne-whales ezinkulu kanye ngenyanga. Umngcipheko wokungqubana kweentaka ngexesha lokusebenza ugxile kubude bee-turbines zomoya (iimitha ezingama-20 ukuya kwezingama-150), kwaye ezinye iintlobo ezifana ne-Eurasian Curlew (Numenius arquata), i-Black-tailed Gull (Larus crassirostris), kunye ne-Black-bellied Gull (Larus schistisagus) zinomngcipheko wokufa okuphezulu kwiindlela zokufuduka. EJapan, kwimeko ethile yokuthunyelwa kwefama yomoya, inani elinokubakho lokufa kweentaka ngonyaka lidlula ama-250. Xa kuthelekiswa namandla omoya asekelwe emhlabeni, nangona kungekho matyala okufa kwamalulwane arekhodiweyo ngamandla omoya akwi-offshore, iingozi ezinokubakho zokuxinana kweentambo kunye nokuxinana kwesibini (njengokudityaniswa nezixhobo zokuloba ezilahliweyo) kusafuneka ziqaphele.

4. Iindlela zovavanyo kunye nokunciphisa azinawo umgangatho, kwaye ulungelelwaniso lwehlabathi kunye nohlengahlengiso lwengingqi kufuneka luqhutywe phambili ngeendlela ezimbini ezihambelanayo.

Okwangoku, uninzi lovavanyo (i-ESIA, i-EIA) lukwinqanaba leprojekthi kwaye alunazo iiprojekthi ezinqamlezileyo kunye nohlalutyo lwempembelelo eqokelelweyo yexeshana (i-CIA), oluthintela ukuqonda iimpembelelo kwinqanaba le-species-group-ecosystem. Umzekelo, yi-36% kuphela yamanyathelo okunciphisa angama-212 anobungqina obucacileyo bokusebenza. Ezinye iindawo eYurophu naseMntla Melika zihlolisise i-CIA edibeneyo yeeprojekthi ezininzi, njengovavanyo oluqokelelweyo lwengingqi olwenziwe yi-BOEM kwi-Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf yase-United States. Nangona kunjalo, zisajongene nemingeni efana nedatha esisiseko enganeleyo kunye nokubeka esweni okungaguqukiyo. Ababhali bacebisa ukukhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwezalathisi ezimiselweyo, amaza okubeka esweni aphantsi, kunye nezicwangciso zolawulo oluhambelanayo ngokusebenzisa amaqonga okwabelana ngedatha yamazwe ngamazwe (njenge-CBD okanye i-ICES njengenkokeli) kunye neenkqubo zokubeka esweni indalo yengingqi (i-REMPs).

5. Iitekhnoloji ezintsha zokubeka esweni ziphucula ukuchaneka kokujonga unxibelelwano phakathi kwamandla omoya kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kwaye kufuneka zidityaniswe kuzo zonke izigaba zomjikelo wobomi.

Iindlela zokujonga zemveli (ezifana nophando olusekelwe kwinqanawa kunye nolwe-moya) zibiza kakhulu kwaye zichaphazeleka ziimeko zemozulu. Nangona kunjalo, iindlela ezintsha ezifana ne-eDNA, ukujonga i-soundscapes, ividiyo engaphantsi kwamanzi (ROV/UAV) kunye nokuqatshelwa kwe-AI zithatha indawo ngokukhawuleza kwezinye izinto eziqwalaselweyo ngesandla, zivumela ukulandelwa rhoqo kweentaka, iintlanzi, izinto eziphilayo ezingaphantsi komhlaba kunye neentlobo ezihlaselayo. Umzekelo, iinkqubo zedijithali ezimbini (iiDigital Twins) ziye zacetyiswa ukuze kulinganiswe ukusebenzisana phakathi kweenkqubo zamandla omoya kunye ne-ecosystem phantsi kweemeko zemozulu ezimbi kakhulu, nangona izicelo zangoku zisesekwinqanaba lokuhlola. Ubuchwepheshe obahlukeneyo busebenza kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo okwakha, ukusebenza kunye nokuphelisa ukusebenza. Ukuba zidityaniswe noyilo lokujonga ixesha elide (njengesakhelo se-BACI), kulindeleke ukuba kuphucule kakhulu ukuthelekisa kunye nokulandelelwa kweempendulo zezinto eziphilayo kuzo zonke izikali.

IFrankstar ibisoloko izinikele ekunikezeleni izisombululo ezibanzi zokujonga ulwandle, ngobuchule obuqinisekisiweyo kwimveliso, ukudibanisa, ukusasazwa, kunye nokugcinwa kweIibhoyi zeMetOcean.

Njengoko amandla omoya aphesheya kolwandle eqhubeka nokwanda kwihlabathi liphela,IFrankstarisebenzisa amava ayo amaninzi ukuxhasa ukujonga okusingqongileyo kwiifama zomoya zaselwandle kunye nezilwanyana zaselwandle ezincancisayo. Ngokudibanisa ubuchwepheshe obuphambili kunye neendlela ezivunyiweyo zasentsimini, iFrankstar izibophelele ekufakeni isandla kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwamandla avuselelekayo olwandle kunye nokukhuselwa kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo zaselwandle.