Njengoba umhlaba usheshisa ukushintshela kwawo emandleni avuselelekayo, amapulazi omoya asogwini (ama-OWF) aba yinsika ebalulekile yesakhiwo samandla. Ngo-2023, amandla omhlaba wonke afakiwe amandla omoya asogwini afinyelele ku-117 GW, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi aphindeke kabili abe yi-320 GW ngo-2030. Amandla okukhula kwamanje agxile kakhulu eYurophu (amandla angu-495 GW), e-Asia (292 GW), kanye naseMelika (200 GW), kuyilapho amandla afakiwe e-Afrika nase-Oceania ephansi kakhulu (1.5 GW kanye no-99 GW ngokulandelana). Ngo-2050, kulindeleke ukuthi u-15% wamaphrojekthi amasha amandla omoya asogwini azothatha izisekelo ezintantayo, andise kakhulu imingcele yentuthuko emanzini ajulile. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuguqulwa kwamandla nakho kuletha izingozi ezinkulu zemvelo. Ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa, ukusebenza, kanye nokususwa kwemisebenzi yamapulazi omoya asogwini, angaphazamisa amaqembu ahlukahlukene njengezinhlanzi, izilwane ezingenamgogodla, izinyoni zasolwandle, nezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, okuhlanganisa ukungcoliswa komsindo, izinguquko emasimini kagesi, ukuguqulwa kwendawo yokuhlala, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwezindlela zokudla. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi esifanayo, izakhiwo ze-wind turbine zingasebenza futhi “njengezihlabathi zokwenziwa” ukuze zinikeze izindawo zokukhosela nokuthuthukisa ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zendawo.

1. Amapulazi omoya asogwini abangela ukuphazamiseka okuhlukahlukene ezinhlotsheni eziningi, futhi izimpendulo zibonisa ukucaca okuphezulu ngokwezinhlobo kanye nokuziphatha.

Amapulazi omoya asogwini (ama-OWF) anemithelela eyinkimbinkimbi ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene njengezinyoni zasolwandle, izilwane ezincelisayo, izinhlanzi, kanye nezilwane ezingenamgogodla ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa, ukusebenza, kanye nezigaba zokususwa. Izimpendulo zezinhlobo ezahlukene zihluke kakhulu. Isibonelo, izilwane ezinomgogodla ezindizayo (njengezinyoni ezinwabuzelayo, ama-loon, kanye nezinyoni ezinwabuzelayo ezinezinyawo ezintathu) zinezinga eliphezulu lokugwema ama-turbine omoya, futhi ukuziphatha kwazo kokugwema kuyanda ngokukhuphuka kobuningi be-turbine. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle njengezimvu zamanzi nama-porpoise zibonisa ukuziphatha okusondelayo noma azibonisi ukusabela okusobala kokugwema. Ezinye izinhlobo (njengezinyoni zasolwandle) zingase zishiye ngisho nezindawo zazo zokuzala nezokudla ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwepulazi lomoya, okuholela ekunciphiseni kobuningi bendawo. Ukukhukhuleka kwekhebula le-anchor okubangelwa amapulazi omoya antantayo kungandisa nengozi yokubanjwa kwekhebula, ikakhulukazi emikhomeni emikhulu. Ukwanda kwamanzi ajulile esikhathini esizayo kuzokwandisa le ngozi.

2. Amapulazi omoya angaphandle kolwandle ashintsha isakhiwo sewebhu yokudla, okwandisa ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zendawo kodwa kunciphisa umkhiqizo oyinhloko wesifunda.

Isakhiwo se-wind turbine singasebenza “njenge-archi yokwenziwa”, sidonse izinto eziphilayo ezidla izihlungi ezifana nama-mussel nama-barnacle, ngaleyo ndlela sithuthukise ubunzima bendawo yokuhlala futhi sidonse izinhlanzi, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo. Kodwa-ke, lo mphumela “wokukhuthaza izakhamzimba” uvame ukukhawulelwa eduze kwesisekelo se-turbine, kuyilapho esikalini sesifunda, kungase kube nokwehla kokukhiqiza. Isibonelo, amamodeli abonisa ukuthi ukwakheka okubangelwa yi-wind turbine komphakathi we-blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) eNorth Sea kunganciphisa umkhiqizo oyinhloko ngamaphesenti afinyelela ku-8 ngokudla izihlungi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, insimu yomoya ishintsha ukuphakama, ukuxubana okuqondile kanye nokusatshalaliswa kabusha kwezakhamzimba, okungaholela emphumeleni wokuqhekeka kusuka ku-phytoplankton kuya ezinhlotsheni zezinga eliphezulu le-trophic.

3. Umsindo, amasimu kagesi kanye nezingozi zokushayisana kwakha izingcindezi ezintathu ezinkulu ezibulalayo, futhi izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle yizona ezizwela kakhulu kuzo.

Ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwamapulazi omoya asogwini lolwandle, imisebenzi yemikhumbi kanye nemisebenzi yokuqoqa izinhlanzi kungabangela ukushayisana nokufa kwezimfudu zasolwandle, izinhlanzi, kanye nezilwane zase-cetacean. Imodeli ilinganisela ukuthi ngezikhathi eziphakeme, ipulazi ngalinye lomoya linokuhlangana okulinganiselwe nemikhomo emikhulu kanye ngenyanga. Ingozi yokushayisana kwezinyoni ngesikhathi sokusebenza igxile ekuphakameni kwama-turbine omoya (amamitha angu-20 - 150), kanti ezinye izinhlobo ezifana ne-Eurasian Curlew (Numenius arquata), i-Black-tailed Gull (Larus crassirostris), kanye ne-Black-bellied Gull (Larus schistisagus) zivame ukubhekana namazinga aphezulu okufa emizileni yokufuduka. EJapane, esimweni esithile sokuthunyelwa kwepulazi lomoya, inani elingenzeka lonyaka lokufa kwezinyoni lidlula u-250. Uma kuqhathaniswa namandla omoya asekelwe ezweni, yize kungekho zimo zokufa kwamalulwane eziye zabhalwa ngamandla omoya asogwini lolwandle, izingozi ezingaba khona zokubanjwa kwekhebula kanye nokubanjwa kwesibili (njengokuhlanganiswa nemishini yokudoba elahliwe) kusadingeka ziqaphe.

4. Izindlela zokuhlola nokunciphisa azinazo izindlela ezijwayelekile, futhi ukuhlanganiswa komhlaba wonke kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo kwesifunda kudingeka kuthuthukiswe ngezindlela ezimbili ezihambisanayo.

Njengamanje, ukuhlolwa okuningi (i-ESIA, i-EIA) kungokwezinga lephrojekthi futhi akunawo ukuhlaziywa komthelela ohlanganisiwe kanye nokuhlaziywa komthelela ohlanganisiwe (i-CIA), okunciphisa ukuqonda kwemithelela ezingeni lezinhlobo-iqembu-lemvelo. Isibonelo, ama-36% kuphela ezinyathelo zokunciphisa ezingama-212 anobufakazi obucacile bokusebenza kahle. Ezinye izifunda eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika zihlole i-CIA yamaphrojekthi amaningi ahlanganisiwe, njengokuhlolwa kokuhlanganiswa kwesifunda okwenziwe yi-BOEM e-Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf yase-United States. Kodwa-ke, zisabhekene nezinselele ezifana nedatha eyisisekelo enganele kanye nokuqapha okungaguquki. Abalobi basikisela ukukhuthaza ukwakhiwa kwezinkomba ezijwayelekile, amaza okuqapha amancane, kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha eziguquguqukayo ngokusebenzisa amapulatifomu okwabelana ngedatha emhlabeni jikelele (njenge-CBD noma i-ICES njenge-lead) kanye nezinhlelo zokuqapha imvelo zesifunda (i-REMPs).

5. Ubuchwepheshe obusha bokuqapha buthuthukisa ukunemba kokubuka ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamandla omoya kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, futhi kufanele buhlanganiswe kuzo zonke izigaba zomjikelezo wokuphila.

Izindlela zokuqapha zendabuko (ezifana nokuhlola okusekelwe emikhunjini kanye nokusekelwe emoyeni) ziyabiza futhi ziyathinteka yizimo zezulu. Kodwa-ke, amasu asanda kuvela njenge-eDNA, ukuqapha imisindo, ividiyo engaphansi kwamanzi (ROV/UAV) kanye nokuqashelwa kwe-AI kushintsha ngokushesha ukubonwa okuthile ngesandla, okuvumela ukulandelela njalo izinyoni, izinhlanzi, izinto eziphilayo zase-benthic kanye nezinhlobo ezihlaselayo. Isibonelo, izinhlelo zamawele edijithali (amawele edijithali) ziye zaphakanyiswa ukuze kulingiswe ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinhlelo zamandla omoya kanye ne-ecosystem ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu ezimbi kakhulu, yize izinhlelo zamanje zisesesigabeni sokuhlola. Ubuchwepheshe obuhlukene busebenza ezigabeni ezahlukene zokwakha, ukusebenza kanye nokususwa kwemisebenzi. Uma kuhlanganiswa nemiklamo yokuqapha yesikhathi eside (njengohlaka lwe-BACI), kulindeleke ukuthi kuthuthukise kakhulu ukuqhathanisa kanye nokulandeleka kwezimpendulo zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kuzo zonke izikali.

I-Frankstar ibilokhu izinikele ekuletheni izixazululo eziphelele zokuqapha ulwandle, ngobuchwepheshe obufakazelwe ekukhiqizeni, ekuhlanganiseni, ekusetshenzisweni nasekugcinweni kwe-Ama-buoy e-MetOcean.

Njengoba amandla omoya asogwini lolwandle eqhubeka nokukhula emhlabeni jikelele,I-Frankstarisebenzisa ulwazi lwayo olubanzi ukusekela ukuqapha imvelo yamapulazi omoya asogwini kanye nezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle. Ngokuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe nemikhuba eqinisekisiwe yasensimini, iFrankstar izibophezele ekufakeni isandla ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme kwamandla avuselelekayo olwandle kanye nokuvikelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle.