I te tere haere o te ao ki te whakawhiti ki te pūngao hou, kei te noho ngā pāmu hau moana (OWF) hei pou nui o te hanganga pūngao. I te tau 2023, ka eke te kaha tāuta o te ao mō te mana hau moana ki te 117 GW, ā, e matapaetia ana ka piki rua ki te 320 GW i te tau 2030. Ko te pūmanawa whakawhānui o nāianei kei te nuinga o te wā e aro ana ki Ūropi (495 GW pūmanawa), Āhia (292 GW), me Amerika (200 GW), ko te pūmanawa tāuta i Āwherika me Ōteania he iti noa iho (1.5 GW me 99 GW). I te tau 2050, e matapaetia ana ka whakamahia e te 15% o ngā kaupapa mana hau moana hou ngā turanga rere, ka whānui ake ngā rohe whanaketanga i roto i ngā wai hohonu. Heoi, he nui ngā mōrearea taiao e puta mai ana i tēnei huringa pūngao. I roto i ngā wāhanga hanga, whakahaere, me te whakakorenga o ngā pāmu hau moana, ka raru pea ngā rōpū rerekē pērā i ngā ika, ngā invertebrate, ngā manu moana, me ngā kararehe moana, tae atu ki te parahanga haruru, ngā huringa o ngā mara hikohiko, te huringa nohoanga, me te pokanoa ki ngā ara kai. Heoi anō, i te wa ano, ka mahi pea ngā hanganga tāhū hau hei "ākau hangai" hei whakaruruhau, hei whakarei ake hoki i te kanorau o ngā momo o te rohe.

1. He maha ngā momo e pāngia ana e ngā pāmu hau o waho, ā, he tino motuhake ngā urupare e pā ana ki ngā momo me ngā whanonga.

He pānga uaua ngā pāmu hau moana (OWF) ki ngā momo momo pēnei i ngā manu moana, ngā kararehe whakangote, ngā ika, me ngā kararehe tuarākore i te wā o te hanganga, te whakahaere, me te whakakorenga. He tino rerekē ngā urupare a ngā momo rerekē. Hei tauira, he nui te auau karo a ngā kararehe tuarākore e rere ana (pēnei i ngā kāroro, ngā manu kōwhai, me ngā kāroro matimati-toru) ki ngā tāwhana hau, ā, ka piki ake tā rātou whanonga karo i te pikinga o te kiato o ngā tāwhana. Heoi, ko ētahi kararehe whakangote moana pēnei i ngā kekeno me ngā pōporo e whakaatu ana i te whanonga whakatata mai, kāore rānei e whakaatu i te urupare karo mārama. Ko ētahi momo (pēnei i ngā manu moana) ka whakarērea pea ō rātou wāhi whakaputa uri me te whāngai nā te pokanoa o te pāmu hau, ka heke te nui o te rohe. Ko te nekenekehanga taura punga i puta mai i ngā pāmu hau e rere ana ka piki ake pea te mōrearea o te herenga taura, inā koa mō ngā tohorā nui. Ko te whānui haere o ngā wai hohonu a muri ake nei ka whakanui ake i tēnei tūponotanga.

2. Ka whakarerekētia e ngā pāmu hau o waho te hanganga o te whatunga kai, ka whakanui ake i te kanorau o ngā momo ā-rohe engari ka whakaitihia te hua tuatahi ā-rohe.

Ka taea e te hanganga o te tāwhana hau te mahi hei "ākau hangai", e kukume ana i ngā rauropi tātari-whāngai pērā i ngā kūtai me ngā manu pāpaka, ā, ka whakanui ake i te uaua o te nohonga ā-rohe me te kukume i ngā ika, ngā manu me ngā kararehe whakangote. Heoi, ko tēnei pānga "whakatairanga matūkai" ka herea noa ki te taha o te turanga tāwhana, engari i te tauine ā-rohe, tera pea ka heke te hua. Hei tauira, e whakaatu ana ngā tauira ko te hanganga o te hapori kūtai kikorangi (Mytilus edulis) i te Moana-a-Kiwa i puta mai i te tāwhana hau ka taea te whakaiti i te hua tuatahi tae atu ki te 8% mā ​​te tātari-whāngai. Heoi anō, ka whakarerekē te mara hau i te pupū ake, te whakaranu poutū me te tohatoha anō o ngā matūkai, ka arahi pea ki te pānga heke mai i te phytoplankton ki ngā momo taumata trophic teitei ake.

3. Ko te haruru, ngā papa hikohiko me ngā mōrearea tukinga ngā pēhanga whakamate nui e toru, ā, ko ngā manu me ngā kararehe moana ngā mea tino pāngia e ēnei pēhanga.

I te wā e hangaia ana ngā pāmu hau moana, ka taea e ngā mahi a ngā kaipuke me ngā mahi whakairi pou te whakararu me te mate o ngā honu moana, ngā ika, me ngā ika moana. E ai ki te tauira, i ngā wā tino pukumahi, ka tūtaki ia pāmu hau ki ngā tohorā nunui i te marama kotahi. Ko te mōrearea o ngā tukinga manu i te wā e whakahaerehia ana ka aro nui ki te teitei o ngā tāhū hau (20 – 150 mita), ā, ko ētahi momo pēnei i te Eurasian Curlew (Numenius arquata), te Black-tailed Gull (Larus crassirostris), me te Black-bellied Gull (Larus schistisagus) he nui te mate i ngā huarahi hekenga. I Hapani, i roto i tētahi horopaki whakatinanatanga pāmu hau, neke atu i te 250 te maha o ngā mate manu i ia tau. Ki te whakatauritea ki te mana hau whenua, ahakoa kāore anō kia tuhia he mate pekapeka mō te mana hau moana, me tūpato tonu ngā mōrearea o te hononga taura me te hononga tuarua (pēnei i te whakakotahitanga me ngā taputapu hī ika kua whakarērea).

4. Kāore i te whai paerewa ngā tikanga aromatawai me te whakaiti i te pānga, ā, me whakatairanga ake te mahi tahi ā-ao me te urutau ā-rohe i roto i ngā ara e rua e rite ana.

I tēnei wā, ko te nuinga o ngā aromatawai (ESIA, EIA) he taumata kaupapa, ā, kāore he tātaritanga pānga ā-kaupapa me ā-wā (CIA), e whakawhāiti ana i te māramatanga o ngā pānga i te taumata momo-rōpū-rauropi. Hei tauira, 36% noa iho o ngā mahi whakaiti i te pānga e 212 he mārama te taunakitanga o te whai huatanga. Kua tūhuratia e ētahi rohe i Ūropi me Amerika Te Raki te CIA maha-kaupapa whakauru, pērā i te aromatawai ā-rohe ā-rohe i whakahaerehia e BOEM i te Papa Whenua o Waho o te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa o te Hononga o Amerika. Heoi, kei te pā tonu ki a rātou ngā wero pērā i te kore rawa o ngā raraunga tūāpapa me te aroturukitanga koretake. E kī ana ngā kaituhi kia whakatairangahia te hanganga o ngā tohu paerewa, ngā auau aroturuki iti rawa, me ngā mahere whakahaere urutau mā roto i ngā tūāpapa tiritiri raraunga o te ao (pēnei i te CBD, i te ICES rānei hei kaiārahi) me ngā kaupapa aroturuki taiao ā-rohe (REMP).

5. Mā ngā hangarau aroturuki hou ka whakarei ake i te tika o te tirotiro i te taunekeneke i waenga i te kaha hau me te kanorau koiora, ā, me whakauru atu ki ngā wāhanga katoa o te huringa ora.

He utu nui ngā tikanga aroturuki tuku iho (pērā i ngā rangahau kaipuke me ngā rangahau rangi) ā, he ngāwari ki ngā āhuatanga o te rangi. Heoi, kei te tere whakakapia ētahi o ngā tirohanga ā-ringa e ngā tikanga hou pēnei i te eDNA, te aroturuki oro, te whakaahua ataata raro i te wai (ROV/UAV) me te mohiotanga AI, ā, ka taea te aroturuki pinepine i ngā manu, ngā ika, ngā rauropi wai me ngā momo whakaeke. Hei tauira, kua whakaarohia ngā pūnaha māhanga matihiko (Mamati Māhanga) hei whakatauira i te taunekeneke i waenga i ngā pūnaha hiko hau me te rauropi i raro i ngā āhuatanga huarere kino, ahakoa kei te wāhanga tūhura tonu ngā tono o nāianei. He rerekē ngā hangarau e tika ana mō ngā wāhanga rerekē o te hanga, te whakahaere me te whakakorenga. Ki te honoa ki ngā hoahoa aroturuki roa (pērā i te anga BACI), e tika ana kia tino whakarei ake i te whakataurite me te whai i ngā urupare kanorau koiora puta noa i ngā tauine.

Kua roa a Frankstar e whakapau kaha ana ki te whakarato i ngā otinga aroturuki moana whānui, me te tohungatanga kua whakamātauhia ki te whakaputa, te whakauru, te whakatinanatanga, me te tiaki iNgā pōito MetOcean.

I te mea kei te horapa haere tonu te pūngao hau o tai puta noa i te ao,FrankstarKei te whakamahi a Frankstar i ōna wheako whānui hei tautoko i te aroturukitanga taiao mō ngā pāmu hau moana me ngā kararehe moana. Mā te whakakotahi i ngā hangarau matatau me ngā mahi kua whakamātauhia i te mara, e whakapau kaha ana ia ki te whai wāhi ki te whanaketanga pumau o te pūngao hou o te moana me te tiaki i te kanorau koiora o te moana.