Ke wikiwiki nei ka honua i kona hoʻololi ʻana i ka ikehu hou, ua lilo nā mahiʻai makani waho (OWFs) i pou koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻolālā ikehu. I ka makahiki 2023, hiki i ka 117 GW ka mana o ka makani o waho, a ua manaʻo ʻia e pālua i ka 320 GW e 2030. ʻO ka hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia i kēia manawa ka mea nui ma ʻEulopa (495 GW hiki), Asia (292 GW), a me ʻAmelika (200 GW), ʻoiai ka haʻahaʻa o ka hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia ma Africa a me Oceania (195 GW). Ma ka makahiki 2050, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo 15% o nā papahana mana makani o waho e hoʻohana i nā kumu lana, e hoʻonui nui i nā palena hoʻomohala i nā wai hohonu. Eia nō naʻe, lawe mai kēia hoʻololi ikehu i nā pōʻino kaiaola nui. I ka wā o ke kūkulu ʻana, ka hana ʻana, a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā mahiʻai makani ma waho, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopilikia i nā hui like ʻole e like me nā iʻa, invertebrates, seabirds, a me nā mea momona o ka moana, e like me ka hoʻohaumia ʻana o ka walaʻau, nā loli i nā kahua electromagnetic, ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka noho ʻana, a me ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i nā ala ʻai. Eia nō naʻe, i ka manawa like, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā hale turbine makani ma ke ʻano he "paʻa kūlohelohe" e hoʻolako i nā hale hoʻomalu a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā ʻano ʻano ʻano like ʻole.
1. Hoʻopilikia nā mahiʻai makani o waho i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, a hōʻike nā pane i ka kikoʻī kiʻekiʻe ma ke ʻano o nā ʻano a me nā ʻano.
He hopena koʻikoʻi ko nā mahiʻai makani waho (OWFs) i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole e like me nā manu kai, nā mammals, nā iʻa, a me nā invertebrates i ka wā o ke kūkulu ʻana, hana, a me ka hoʻopau ʻana. He ʻano like ʻole nā pane o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole. No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pale ʻana i nā vertebrates lele (e like me nā gull, loons, a me nā gull ʻekolu wāwae) i nā turbine makani, a piʻi aʻe ko lākou ʻano pale me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka turbine. Eia nō naʻe, hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau mammals moana e like me nā sila a me nā popoise i ke ʻano hoʻokokoke ʻana a i ʻole hōʻike ʻole i kahi ʻano pale pale. Hiki i kekahi mau ʻano (e like me nā manu kai) ke haʻalele i kā lākou hānai ʻana a me ka hānai ʻana ma muli o ke keʻakeʻa ʻana o ka mahiʻai makani, ka hopena i ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka ʻāina. ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o ke kaula heleuma ma muli o nā mahiʻai makani lana e hoʻonui paha i ka pilikia o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke kaula, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā koholā nui. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā wai hohonu i ka wā e hiki mai ana e hoʻonui i kēia pilikia.
2. Hoʻololi nā mahiʻai makani waho i ka ʻōnaehana pūnaewele meaʻai, hoʻonui i ka ʻokoʻa o nā ʻano ʻano kūloko akā e hōʻemi ana i ka huahana mua o ka ʻāina.
Hiki ke hana ʻia ke ʻano huila makani ma ke ʻano he "pahu hana", e huki ana i nā mea hana kānana e like me ka mussels a me ka barnacles, ma laila e hoʻonui ai i ka paʻakikī o ka nohona kūloko a me ka huki ʻana i nā iʻa, nā manu a me nā mammals. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kēia hopena "nutrient promotion" ka mea maʻamau i kaupalena ʻia i kahi kokoke i ke kumu turbine, ʻoiai ma ka pae ʻāpana, hiki ke emi i ka huahana. No ka laʻana, hōʻike nā kumu hoʻohālike i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka hui ʻana o ka ʻūlū ʻulaʻula (Mytilus edulis) ma ke Kai ʻĀkau e hiki ke hoʻemi i ka huahana mua a hiki i ka 8% ma o ka kānana-feeding. Eia kekahi, hoʻololi ke kahua makani i ka piʻi ʻana, ka hui ʻana a me ka hāʻawi hou ʻana i nā meaʻai, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hopena cascading mai ka phytoplankton a i nā ʻano kiʻekiʻe trophic pae kiʻekiʻe.
3. Noise, electromagnetic fields and collision risks constitutions constitutions constituents lethal pressures, and lethal pressures 3. ʻO nā manu a me nā mammals moana ka mea maʻalahi iā lākou.
I ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā mahiʻai makani ma waho, hiki i nā hana a nā moku a me nā hana hoʻohuʻi ʻana ke kumu i ka hui ʻana a me ka make ʻana o nā honu kai, nā iʻa, a me nā cetaceans. Manaʻo ke kumu hoʻohālike i nā manawa kiʻekiʻe, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia mahiʻai makani ka awelika hiki ke hālāwai me nā koholā nui i hoʻokahi manawa i kēlā me kēia mahina. ʻO ka pilikia o ka hāʻule ʻana o nā manu i ka wā o ka hana ʻana ma ke kiʻekiʻe o nā turbines makani (20 - 150 mika), a ʻo kekahi mau ʻano e like me ka Eurasian Curlew (Numenius arquata), Black-tailed Gull (Larus crassirostris), a me Black-bellied Gull (Larus schistisagus) hiki ke loaʻa i nā ala kiʻekiʻe o ka make. I Iapana, ma kekahi ʻano hoʻolālā o ka mahiʻai makani, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka make ʻana o nā manu i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma mua o 250. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mana makani ma ka ʻāina, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hihia o ka make ʻana o ka ʻōpeʻapeʻa no ka mana makani o waho, pono e makaʻala nā pilikia o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke kaula a me ka lua (e like me ka hui ʻana me nā mea lawaiʻa i haʻalele ʻia).
4. ʻAʻole i hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻano loiloi a me nā hana hoʻohaʻahaʻa, a pono e holomua ka hoʻonohonoho honua a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻāina i ʻelua ala like.
I kēia manawa, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā loiloi (ESIA, EIA) ka pae papahana a nele i ka cross-project a me ka cross-temporal cumulative impact analysis (CIA), e kaupalena ana i ka ʻike o nā hopena ma ka pae ʻano-hui-kaiaola. No ka laʻana, ʻo 36% wale nō o nā hana hoʻohaʻahaʻa 212 i loaʻa nā hōʻike maopopo o ka pono. Ua ʻimi kekahi mau wahi ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika ʻĀkau i hoʻohui ʻia i ka multi-project CIA, e like me ka loiloi kumulative regional i alakaʻi ʻia e BOEM ma ka Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Eia nō naʻe, ke kū nei lākou i nā pilikia e like me ka lawa ʻole o ka ʻikepili baseline a me ka nānā ʻole ʻana. Manaʻo nā mea kākau i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hōʻailona maʻamau, nā alapine nānā liʻiliʻi, a me nā hoʻolālā hoʻokele adaptive ma o nā kahua kaʻana like ʻikepili honua (e like me ka CBD a i ʻole ICES ke alakaʻi) a me nā papahana nānā ʻana i ka ʻāina (REMPs).
5. Hoʻonui ka ʻenehana nānā ʻana i ka pololei o ka nānā ʻana i ka pilina ma waena o ka mana makani a me nā mea olaola, a pono e hoʻohui ʻia i nā pae āpau o ke kaʻina ola.
ʻO nā ʻano mākaʻikaʻi kuʻuna (e like me ka nānā ʻana i ka moku a me ka ea) he kumukūʻai a maʻalahi i ke ʻano o ka wā. Eia nō naʻe, ke hoʻololi koke nei nā ʻenehana hou e like me ka eDNA, ka nānā ʻana i nā leo kani, nā kiʻi wikiō i lalo o ka wai (ROV/UAV) a me ka ʻike ʻana o AI i kekahi mau nānā lima, e hiki ai ke ʻimi pinepine i nā manu, nā iʻa, nā mea ola kino a me nā ʻano invasive. No ka laʻana, ua manaʻo ʻia nā ʻōnaehana māhoe kikohoʻe (Digital Twins) no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka pilina ma waena o nā ʻōnaehana mana makani a me ka kaiaola ma lalo o nā kūlana ʻino loa, ʻoiai aia nā noi o kēia manawa i ka pae ʻimi. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻenehana like ʻole i nā pae like ʻole o ke kūkulu ʻana, ka hana a me ka decommissioning. Inā hui pū ʻia me nā hoʻolālā nānā ʻana no ka wā lōʻihi (e like me ka BACI framework), ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻonui nui i ka hoʻohālikelike a me ka hiki ʻana o nā pane biodiversity ma nā unahi.
Ua hoʻolaʻa lōʻihi ʻia ʻo Frankstar i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā hāʻina mākaʻikaʻi moana holoʻokoʻa, me ka ʻike i hōʻoia ʻia i ka hana ʻana, hoʻohui, hoʻonohonoho, a me ka mālama ʻanaʻO nā ʻauamo ʻo MetOcean.
Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka ikehu makani o waho a puni ka honua,FrankstarKe hoʻohana nei ʻo ia i kāna ʻike nui e kākoʻo i ka nānā ʻana i ka kaiapuni no nā mahiʻai makani o waho a me nā mammals moana. Ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻenehana holomua me nā hana i hōʻoia ʻia i ke kahua, ua kūpaʻa ʻo Frankstar i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka hoʻomohala mau ʻana o ka ikehu hou o ka moana a me ka pale ʻana i nā mea olaola moana.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-08-2025