Izinto ezikwindalo yaselwandle ziquka i-marine meteorology, i-marine hydrology, i-marine geology kunye ne-geophysics, i-marine physics, i-marine chemistry, i-marine biology, njl. Ziquka izinto ezinemilinganiselo emininzi efana nojongano lomoya wolwandle kunye nomoya ophantsi (njengamafu, imvula, inkungu, uxinzelelo lomoya, ubushushu, njl. njl.), umphezulu wolwandle (njengeumoya, amaza, umkhenkce, ukugquma kwesaqhwithi, ityuwa, imitha yelanga, ubushushu, ityuwa, amaza,njl.njl.), phantsi kwamanzi (ezifanaamaza angaphakathi, ukujikeleza kwegazi, ii-thermoclines, iziteshi zesandi, uxinano, ukuqhuba kombane, ubunzulu, njl. njl.) kunye nolwandle (ezifana ne-geology, i-geomorphology, i-magnetic field, i-gravity field, njl. njl.).

Uhlu lwezixhobo zokuHlola okuSingqongileyo koLwandle

Izixhobo zokubona imeko-bume yolwandle zenzelwe ukufumana ulwazi ngemeko-bume yolwandle, nto leyo esiyibiza ngokuba kukujonga, ukuphanda, ukubeka esweni, kunye nezixhobo zemephu yolwandle. Ziquka iintlobo ngeentlobo zeenzwa, abaqokeleli, iiprosesa, kunye neeplatifomu zokujonga ezisekelwe kwindawo ezinzileyo nezihambayo, ezisekelwe emoyeni, ezisekelwe elunxwemeni, kunye nezisekelwe elwandle (ngaphezulu nangaphantsi kwamanzi) eziqhutywa kuzo.

Kukho iintlobo ngeentlobo zezixhobo zokuqonda imeko-bume yolwandle. Zihlelwe ngokwezinto ezikwimo-bume, zinokwahlulwa zibe ngamaqondo obushushu, ityuwa, ubunzulu, amaza, imisinga, amaza, umoya, isandi, kunye nentsimi yemagnethi, njl. Zihlelwe ngeesensa, zinokwahlulwa zibe yi-acoustic, i-optical, umbane, i-thermal, kunye ne-magnetic, njl. Zihlelwe ngokwemigaqo yesakhiwo, zinokwahlulwa zibe zizixhobo ze-acoustic, izixhobo ze-optical, izixhobo ze-elektroniki, izixhobo zoomatshini, kunye nezixhobo zokubona kude kunye ne-telemetry, njl. Zihlelwe ngabathwali abahlukeneyo, zinokwahlulwa zibe zizixhobo zomkhumbi, izixhobo ezingaphantsi komhlaba, izixhobo ze-buoy, izixhobo zesikhululo sonxweme, izixhobo zeenqwelo-moya kunye nesathelayithi, njl. Zihlelwe ngokwezinto ezilinganisiweyo, zinokwahlulwa zibe zizixhobo zokulinganisa ubushushu, izixhobo zokulinganisa ityuwa, izixhobo zokulinganisa amaza, izixhobo zokulinganisa umbane, izixhobo zetyuwa yesondlo, izixhobo zomxhuzulane kunye namandla emagnethi, izixhobo zokufumanisa intlabathi esezantsi, izixhobo ze-plankton kunye ne-benthic organisms, njl.

Izixhobo zokubona indalo zaselwandle zingahlulwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezine eziphambili, ezizezi, izixhobo zokujonga ipropati yaselwandle, izixhobo zokujonga ipropati yeekhemikhali zaselwandle, izixhobo zokujonga indalo zaselwandle, kunye nezixhobo zokujonga ijoloji kunye nejoloji zaselwandle. Phakathi kwazo, izixhobo zokujonga inqanawa zaselwandle zineentlobo ezininzi. Ngokweendlela zazo zokusebenza, zinokwahlulwahlulwa zibe ziintlobo ezinokusetyenziswa, ezizibuyisela ngokwazo, ezixhonyiweyo, nezitsalwayo. Izixhobo ezinokusetyenziswa zisetyenziswa ngokuphosa iindawo zazo zesensor elwandle, kwaye idatha ebonwayo idluliselwa kwinqanawa ngeengcingo okanye amaza erediyo. Ezi sensors azifunyanwa emva kokusetyenziswa. Izixhobo ezizibuyisela ngokwazo zitshona elwandle ngexesha lokujonga, kwaye emva kokugqiba umsebenzi wokulinganisa okanye wokuthatha isampuli, zisusa i-ballast kwaye zibuyele kumphezulu wolwandle ngokubhabha kwazo. Izixhobo ezixhonyiweyo zithunyelwa elwandle zisuka ecaleni kwenqanawa nge-winch boom yenqanawa kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukujonga xa inqanawa ibotshelelwe okanye ishukuma. Izixhobo ezitsalwayo zifakwa elwandle zisuka ngasemva kwenqanawa kwaye zitsalwe ngasemva kwenqanawa ukuze ziqwalaselwe.

Izixhobo zokujonga ulwandle, uphando, ukujonga kunye nokumaphu zabelana ngeempawu ezininzi ezifanayo ngokweentlobo zezixhobo, izinto zokulinganisa, iindlela zokusebenza, ukucubungula idatha kunye neziphumo zesicelo. Nangona kunjalo, iinjongo zazo zesicelo kunye neemfuno zeziphumo zahlukile, ngoko ke kunzima ukwenza ulwahlulo oluthile. Umzekelo, inqanawa yokuhlola ulwandle ingasebenza njengeqonga lokusebenza lophando lolwandle kunye neqonga lokusebenza lokujonga kunye nokumaphu kolwandle; omnye umzekelo yi-Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), engumthwalo wokujonga wophando lolwandle kunye nokujonga ulwandle, kwaye xa isetyenziswa ekucwangcisweni kweeprojekthi zokwakha izitishi zolwandle, iba ngumthwalo wokujonga wokujonga kwimaphu yolwandle.

Izixhobo zokuvavanya ulwandle ziquka amaqonga ahlukeneyo olwandle afana neesathelayithi zokuvavanya kude, iinqwelomoya ezingenabantu, iziliphu zamaza, iziliphu ezingaphantsi kwamanzi, izithuthi ezizimeleyo ezingaphantsi kwamanzi (ii-AUV), iziliphu ezingaphantsi kwamanzi ezilawulwa kude, izikhephe ezingenabantu eziphezu komhlaba, iinkqubo ezisekwe elwandle, iinqanawa zokuhlola ulwandle,ii-buoys zolwandle, iinethiwekhi zokujonga ulwandle ngexesha langempela, kunye neesensa zomthwalo okanye ezifana ne-acousticIiprofayili zangoku zeDoppler (ADCP), iibhathimitha ezininzi, i-sonar yokwenziwa (i-SAS), izixhobo zobunzulu bobushushu-usawoti (i-CTD), ii-magnetometer zolwandle, ii-sonar eziskenwa ecaleni, ii-gravimeter zolwandle, iinkqubo ze-seismic ze-single-channel, iimitha zokuhamba kobushushu phantsi kolwandle, iinkqubo zokubeka i-acoustic phantsi kwamanzi, ii-sediment traps, iinkqubo ze-sonar ezinemilinganiselo emithathu, iimitha zamanzi, kunye nezixhobo zokuhamba nge-inertial phantsi kwamanzi.