Zinthu zachilengedwe za m'nyanja zimaphatikizapo meteorology ya m'nyanja, hydrology ya m'nyanja, geology ya m'nyanja ndi geophysics, fizikisi ya m'nyanja, chemistry ya m'nyanja, biology ya m'nyanja, ndi zina zotero. Zimaphatikizapo zinthu zambiri monga mawonekedwe a mpweya wa m'nyanja ndi mlengalenga wotsika (monga mitambo, mvula, chifunga, kuthamanga kwa mpweya, kutentha, ndi zina zotero), pamwamba pa nyanja (mongamphepo, mafunde, ayezi, mphepo yamkuntho, kupopera mchere, kuwala kwa dzuwa, kutentha, mchere, mafunde,ndi zina zotero), pansi pa madzi (mongamafunde amkati, kufalikira kwa magazi, ma thermoclines, njira zamawu, kuchulukana, kuyendetsa bwino mpweya, kuya, ndi zina zotero) ndi pansi pa nyanja (monga geology, geomorphology, magnetic field, gravity field, ndi zina zotero).

Kugawa Zida Zowunikira Zachilengedwe Zam'madzi

Zipangizo zowonera zachilengedwe za m'nyanja zimapangidwa kuti zipeze chidziwitso cha zachilengedwe za m'nyanja, zomwe nthawi zambiri timazitcha kuti kuyang'anira, kufufuza, kuyang'anira, ndi kupanga mapu. Zimaphatikizapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masensa, osonkhanitsa, ma processor, ndi nsanja zosiyanasiyana zowonera zachilengedwe zochokera kumlengalenga, za m'mphepete mwa nyanja, komanso za m'nyanja (pamwamba ndi pansi pa madzi) zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Pali zida zosiyanasiyana zowonera zachilengedwe za m'nyanja. Zikagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana malinga ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, zimatha kugawidwa m'magulu monga kutentha, mchere, kuya, mafunde, mafunde, mafunde, mphepo, phokoso, ndi mphamvu ya maginito, ndi zina zotero. Zikagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana malinga ndi masensa, zimatha kugawidwa m'magulu monga acoustic, optical, electrical, thermal, ndi maginito, ndi zina zotero. Zikagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana malinga ndi kapangidwe kake, zimatha kugawidwa m'magulu monga zida zomvera, zida zowonera, zida zamagetsi, zida zamakanika, ndi zida zowonera kutali ndi telemetry, ndi zina zotero. Zikagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana, zimatha kugawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana monga zida zonyamula sitima, zida zolowa m'madzi, zida zoyenda pansi, zida zoyendera, zida za siteshoni ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja, zida za ndege ndi satellite, ndi zina zotero. Zikagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana malinga ndi zinthu zomwe zayesedwa, zimatha kugawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana monga zida zoyezera kutentha, zida zoyezera mchere, zida zoyezera mafunde, zida zoyezera mphamvu yamagetsi, zida zamchere wa michere, zida zokoka ndi mphamvu ya maginito, zida zozindikira matope pansi, zida za plankton ndi benthic, ndi zina zotero.

Zipangizo zowonera zachilengedwe za m'nyanja zitha kugawidwa m'magulu anayi akuluakulu, omwe ndi zida zowonera katundu wa m'nyanja, zida zowonera katundu wa mankhwala a m'nyanja, zida zowonera zamoyo za m'nyanja, ndi zida zowonera za geological ndi geophysical za m'nyanja. Pakati pawo, zida zowonera za m'nyanja za zombo zili ndi mitundu yambiri. Malinga ndi njira zawo zogwirira ntchito, zitha kugawidwanso m'mitundu yogwiritsidwa ntchito, yodzibwezera yokha, yopachikidwa, ndi yokokedwa. Zipangizo zowonera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poponya magawo awo a masensa m'nyanja, ndipo deta yomwe yawonedwa imatumizidwa ku sitimayo kudzera mu waya kapena mafunde a wailesi. Masensa satengedwa akagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zipangizo zowonera zokha zimamira m'nyanja panthawi yowonera, ndipo akamaliza ntchito yoyezera kapena yoyesa, amachotsa ballast ndikubwerera pamwamba pa nyanja ndi kuyandama kwawo. Zipangizo zopachikidwa zimatumizidwa m'nyanja kuchokera kumbali ya sitimayo ndi winch boom ya sitimayo ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito powonera sitimayo ikakokedwa kapena kusunthika. Zipangizo zokokedwa zimayikidwa m'nyanja kuchokera kumbuyo kwa sitimayo ndikukokedwa kumbuyo kwa sitimayo kuti ziwone.

Zipangizo zowonera nyanja, kufufuza, kuyang'anira ndi kupanga mapu zimagawana zinthu zambiri zofanana malinga ndi mitundu ya zida, zinthu zoyezera, njira zogwirira ntchito, kukonza deta ndi zotsatira za ntchito. Komabe, zolinga zawo zogwiritsira ntchito ndi zofunikira pa zotsatira zake ndizosiyana, kotero nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kupanga magulu enaake. Mwachitsanzo, chombo chofufuzira nyanja chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati nsanja yofufuzira nyanja komanso nsanja yowunikira nyanja ndi kupanga mapu; chitsanzo china ndi Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), yomwe ndi katundu wowonera kafukufuku wa nyanja komanso kuyang'anira nyanja, ndipo ikagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera mapulojekiti omanga malo ogona nyanja, imakhala katundu wowonera mapu a nyanja.

Zipangizo zodziwira nyanja zimaphatikizapo nsanja zosiyanasiyana za nyanja monga ma satellite odziwira kutali, ndege zopanda anthu, ma wave gliders, ma gliders apansi pa madzi, magalimoto odziyimira pawokha pansi pa madzi (AUVs), zombo zoyenda pansi pa madzi zosayendetsedwa kutali, maboti opanda anthu pamwamba, machitidwe okhala pansi pa nyanja, zombo zoyendera nyanja,ma buoy a m'nyanja, ma network owonera nthawi yeniyeni panyanja, komanso masensa onyamula katundu kapena zinthu monga acousticMapulofayilo a Doppler current (ADCP), ma bathymeters okhala ndi mipata yambiri, sonar yopangira ma aperture (SAS), zida zoyezera kutentha ndi mchere (CTD), ma magnetometers a m'nyanja, ma sonar oyezera mbali, ma gravimeters a m'nyanja, ma single-channel seismic systems, ma heat flow meter a pansi pa nyanja, ma acoustic positioning system a underwear, sediment traps, ma three-dimensional sonar systems, ma water level meters, ndi underwear inertial navigation equipment.